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Cyclohexanone ($C_6H_{10}O$), a key cyclic organic ketone, exhibits partial miscibility in water. This mutual solubility is highly temperature-dependent, a phenomenon governed by binary Liquid-Liquid Equilibrium (LLE). At standard room temperature (20°C), the solubility of cyclohexanone in water is approximately 8.7 g/100 mL (approx. 8.0 wt%), whereas the solubility of water in cyclohexanone is roughly 5.7 wt%.
This partial miscibility presents challenges and opportunities in chemical synthesis. As temperature increases, the phase envelope narrows. At higher thermal states, the kinetic energy of the molecules overcomes the weaker hydrogen-bonding interactions between the polar carbonyl group ($C=O$) of the ketone and the water matrix, drastically altering solubility profiles. For large-scale production facilities, understanding these precise solubility thresholds is vital for separating reaction mixtures, preventing phase-separation in solvent mixtures, and minimizing VOC emissions.
By controlling temperature and chemical environment (such as introducing inorganic salts to provoke a "salting-out" effect), industrial systems can recover cyclohexanone with maximum efficiency, reducing wastewater loading and increasing raw material utilization rates.
| Temperature (°C) | Solubility in Water (wt%) | Water Solubility in Cyclohexanone (wt%) |
|---|---|---|
| 10 °C | 9.3 wt% | 5.1 wt% |
| 20 °C | 8.0 wt% | 5.7 wt% |
| 30 °C | 7.1 wt% | 6.4 wt% |
| 40 °C | 6.4 wt% | 7.2 wt% |
| 60 °C | 5.6 wt% | 9.1 wt% |
Optimizing energy efficiency and solvent recovery in high-volume production loops.
Cyclohexanone forms a minimum-boiling azeotrope with water at 95.8°C containing approximately 43.8% water at atmospheric pressure. Utilizing modern fractional distillation systems, Shandong Pulisi Chemical optimizes this behavior to extract cyclohexanone from aqueous process flows. By selecting appropriate entrainers, the azeotropic point is shifted, allowing high-purity dehydration and solvent recovery at minimal energy expense.
To disrupt the hydrogen bonds between cyclohexanone and water molecules, electrolytes like sodium chloride or ammonium sulfate are dissolved into the mixture. This decreases organic solubility in the aqueous phase ("salting out"), inducing a clean phase boundary. High-performance mechanical coalescers then separate the heavy organic layer from the light aqueous layer quickly, preventing product loss in waste streams.
Environmental regulations necessitate that the final effluent contains minimal trace organics. By employing steam stripping towers or carbon bed adsorption, we recover the remaining 5-8% cyclohexanone from aqueous wastewater streams before biotreatment. This not only meets strict emissions standards but also recycles every kilogram of raw material back into the production cycle, supporting circular manufacturing.
How Cyclohexanone acts as a critical synthesis precursor across global industries.
| Industry Sector | Primary Application | Solubility Control Necessity |
|---|---|---|
| Polymers & Nylon (Nylon 6 / 66) | Precursor to Caprolactam and Adipic Acid | Crucial for moisture extraction during oxidation. |
| Pesticide & Agrochemicals | Active ingredient solvent for emulsifiable concentrates | Avoids crystallization when diluted with agricultural water. |
| Electronics & Coating | Ultra-pure cleaning solvents and photoresist diluents | Demands moisture levels under 0.05% via strict dehydration. |
| Pharmaceutical Synthesis | Reaction medium for active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) | Requires strict separation of aqueous process phases. |
For polymer manufacturers seeking to optimize Caprolactam synthesis, the presence of excess moisture in cyclohexanone can deactivate downstream catalysts. Shandong Pulisi Chemical provides high-purity cyclohexanone with moisture content managed down to the parts-per-million (ppm) level, utilizing molecular sieve adsorption and customized vacuum distillation.
Similarly, in agricultural formulations, cyclohexanone acts as a co-solvent. Since pesticides are often sprayed in aqueous emulsions, the phase equilibrium of the cyclohexanone-water-surfactant system must be meticulously designed to prevent precipitation. Our technical engineers provide formulation support to help global buyers configure stable systems.
A listed industry giant driving the evolution of petrochemical and industrial raw material supply.
Shandong Pulisi Chemical Co., Ltd. was established in 2006 (Stock Code: 307785). The company focuses on petrochemicals, mining chemicals, feed chemicals, and pharmaceutical chemicals. At present, the company has established long-term and stable partnerships with Fortune Global 500 companies such as China National Petroleum Corporation and Saint-Gobain. We always take customer demand as the core orientation and provide tailored solutions to help customers strengthen their market competitiveness.
The company has passed ISO9001:2015 Quality Management System Certification and German BV Certification, and has been awarded multiple honors such as Foreign-Oriented Economic Enterprise, Alibaba Demonstration Base, and Contribution Enterprise. In 2023, the company successfully went public with stock code: 307785.
We uphold the corporate culture philosophy of "Customer First, Rapid Response; Striving as the Foundation, Efficient Collaboration; Integrity and Uprightness, Agile Adaptation." We focus on providing compliant and high-quality products and supporting services, and are committed to becoming a long-term and stable partner for customers.
Meanwhile, the company has established mature warehousing and distribution systems at key logistics hubs, including Qingdao Port, Tianjin Port, and Xinjiang border ports (Alashankou, Khorgos). We are able to provide flexible supply solutions according to customer needs to ensure timely order delivery. No matter where customers are located, Shandong Pulisi Chemical will safeguard their business development with professional service systems and efficient response capabilities.
Leveraging digital manufacturing and massive domestic integration to stabilize global raw material flows.
Shandong Pulisi Chemical's production infrastructure integrates advanced Industry 4.0 automation. Through computerized Distributed Control Systems (DCS), we continuously monitor process temperatures, phase columns, and reflux ratios to control cyclohexanone distillation. This real-time automation guarantees consistent purity and chemical composition across production runs, minimizing batch variations.
Our factories leverage localized supply networks to secure benzene and cyclohexane feedstock, shielding downstream buyers from pricing spikes. Located in Zibo, Shandong—at the heart of China’s petrochemical hub—we leverage regional feedstocks to optimize manufacturing overhead and logistics.
To address the complexities of liquid hazardous chemical transport, Shandong Pulisi operates specialized logistics routes. Our warehouses are strategically positioned near Qingdao and Tianjin ports, and at key land ports like Alashankou and Khorgos on the Xinjiang border. This enables fast transit times via ISO tanks, IBC drums, or bulk tankers to European, Central Asian, and American markets.
Third-party audited processes to ensure international standard compliance.
Broadening horizons and building direct partnerships at international chemical summits.
Six strategic advantages that guarantee value, safety, and supply consistency.
Exporting to more than 100 countries and regions with complete international trade and hazardous documentation support.
More than 20+ years of export experience, maintaining active partnerships with over 1,000 corporate buyers.
ISO 9001:2015, SGS certification, K-REACH pre-registration, and FAMI-QS compliance to ensure entry into complex markets.
We provide stable pricing structures based on contract volumes, customization level, and chemical purity specs.
Equipped with modern chemical warehouses at Qingdao and Tianjin ports to enable rapid container dispatching.
Our responsive sales and technical engineers provide 24/7 technical feedback and post-sales support.
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Covering high-growth global sectors with specialized chemical compositions.
Collaborating with Fortune Global 500 giants and chemical leaders worldwide.
Expert technical insights regarding cyclohexanone, solubility controls, logistics, and company capabilities.
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